Yellow 6, also known as Sunset Yellow FCF (E110), is a synthetic azo dye derived from petroleum. It imparts a bright orange-yellow hue and has been widely used in food and beverage products such as candies, cereals, baked goods, and soft drinks.
Depending on the product, its typical usage concentrations range from 0.5 to 50 mg/kg.
However, growing health concerns have increased scrutiny and regulatory actions against Yellow 6.
In April 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced plans to phase out several synthetic food dyes, including Yellow 6, by the end of 2026, citing potential links to cancer, behavioral issues in children, and other health risks.
Similarly, states like California and West Virginia have enacted bans on Yellow 6 in school meals, with broader restrictions planned.
Regulatory Summary Table
| Region/Authority | Ban Status | Year of Ban or Restriction | Notes on Allowed Uses |
| USA (FDA) | Phasing out | Complete ban by the end of 2026 | Transition to natural alternatives encouraged |
| California (USA) | Banned in public schools | Effective by the end of 2027 | Applies to school meals; broader bans under consideration |
| West Virginia (USA) | Banned in schools (2025); statewide ban by 2028 | School ban effective August 2025; full ban by January 2028 | A comprehensive ban includes other synthetic dyes and preservatives |
| European Union (EFSA) | Permitted with warning labels | Ongoing | Requires labeling for products containing Yellow 6 |
| India (FSSAI) | Permitted with limits | Ongoing | Maximum permissible levels set; labeling required |
Why Is Yellow 6 Harmful?
- Potential Carcinogenic Contaminants: Yellow 6 may contain trace amounts of benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl, which have been linked to cancer.
- Behavioral Effects in Children: Studies have linked synthetic food dyes, including Yellow 6, to increased hyperactivity and attention issues in children, particularly those with ADHD.
- Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may experience allergic reactions to Yellow 6, including hives, asthma, and skin rashes.
- Organ Toxicity: High doses of Yellow 6 have been associated with kidney and adrenal tumors in animal studies.
- Endocrine Disruption: Research suggests that Yellow 6 may act as a xenoestrogen, potentially disrupting hormonal balance.
Which Products Use(d) Yellow 6?
- Gatorade: Depending on the flavor, such as Fruit Punch, Lemon-Lime, Orange, etc, Gatorade contains Blue Dye No. 1, Red No. 40, Yellow No. 5, and Yellow No. 6. Gatorade Orange flavor contains Yellow 6 dye.
- Skittles: The candy uses a combination of synthetic dyes, including Yellow 6, to produce its vibrant colors.
- M&M’s (Original): These chocolates incorporate Yellow 6 among other dyes for their colorful shells.
- Doritos Nacho Cheese: The snack’s distinctive orange hue is partly due to Yellow 6.
- Cheetos: The bright orange color of Cheetos is achieved using Yellow 6.
What Are the Alternatives to Yellow 6 Dye?
1. Annatto Extract
Annatto is a natural orange-yellow color extracted from the seeds of the achiote tree, commonly grown in tropical regions. It’s widely used in cheeses, snacks, and baked goods. Rich in antioxidants like tocotrienols, annatto not only colors food but may also offer health benefits. It provides a warm yellow to orange hue and is safe for most people. Since it’s derived from a plant, it’s ideal for natural and organic products, though some rare allergic reactions have been reported.
2. Turmeric Extract (Curcumin)
Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, is a bright yellow pigment with natural anti-inflammatory properties. Used traditionally in curries, it’s now a popular natural food coloring. It’s heat-sensitive but can maintain color in low-heat or cold applications. As a bonus, it adds potential health value without synthetic chemicals. It’s vegan, gluten-free, and non-GMO, making it a top choice for health-conscious brands and organic manufacturers.
3. Beta-Carotene
Beta-carotene is a natural pigment found in carrots and other orange vegetables. It gives a strong yellow-orange hue and also acts as a precursor to vitamin A in the human body. It offers good stability to heat and light, making it ideal for processed food. Since it’s naturally sourced and nutritionally beneficial, it is a preferred clean-label alternative to synthetic dyes like Yellow 6.
4. Saffron and Paprika Extracts
Natural spices that provide rich yellow to red hues. Used in culinary applications and specialty foods. Flavor profiles may influence the final product’s taste.
5. Galdieria Extract Blue
A blue pigment from red algae, recently approved by the FDA. Can be combined with other natural colors to achieve desired shades.
Conclusion
The phasing out of Yellow 6 reflects a growing commitment to food safety and consumer health. As regulatory bodies move towards banning synthetic dyes, manufacturers are encouraged to adopt natural alternatives that offer both protection and visual appeal.
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